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Canary Islands may be 'missing link' in global sea urchin killer pandemic

Sea urchins are ecosystem engineers, the marine equivalent of mega-herbivores on land. By grazing and shredding seaweed and seagrass, they control algal growth and promote the survival of slow-growing organisms like corals and some calcifying algae. They are likewise prey for a plethora of marine mammals, fish, crustaceans, and sea stars.

MediNatura New Mexico, Inc. Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of ReBoost Nasal Spray Due to Microbial Contamination

Summary Company Announcement December 10, 2025 – Albuquerque, New Mexico, MediNatura New Mexico, Inc. is voluntarily recalling one lot of ReBoost Nasal Spray to the consumer level. The product has been found to contain yeast/mold and microbial contamination with one species identified as Achromobacter, at levels above specifications. Risk Statement: There is a reasonable probability that adverse health consequences including life-threatening infections will occur with use of the product in the immuno-compromised population. To date, MediNatura has not received any reports of adverse events related to this recall. The product is used as a homeopathic nasal spray to temporarily relieve nasal congestion, sinus headache and pressure, postnasal drip, sneezing, runny nose, and nasal itching and is packaged in a 20mL bottle which is further packaged in a white and yellow carton. The NDC number is 62795-4005-9 and the UPC# is 787647 10186 3. The recalled ReBoost product includes the following lot number 224268 with an expiration date of 12/2027. The product can be identified by its bottle label and carton: ReBoost was distributed nationwide via retail and internet sales(medinatura.com). All customers should immediately discontinue using the ReBoost under recall. Customers who purchased the product directly from MediNatura New Mexico, Inc. should contact MediNatura New Mexico, Inc. at recall@medinatura.com to arrange for a refund. Consumers who purchased the product at retailers should return it to the place of purchase. Consumers with questions regarding this recall can contact MediNatura New Mexico, Inc by phone (800-621-7644) or recall@medinatura.com; Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM MST.Consumers should contact their physician or healthcare provider if they have experienced any problems that may be related to taking or using this drug product. Adverse reactions or quality problems experienced with the use of this product may be reported to the FDA's MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program either online, by regular mail or by fax. Complete and submit the report Online: www.fda.gov/medwatch/report.htm Regular Mail or Fax: Download form www.fda.gov/MedWatch/getforms.htm or call 1-800-332-1088 to request a reporting form, then complete and return to the address on the pre-addressed form, or submit by fax to 1-800-FDA-0178 This recall is being conducted with the knowledge of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

[Personal View] The gut microbiome, systemic inflammation, and autoimmunity in Parkinson's disease

Inflammation is a core feature of Parkinson's disease, extending beyond the CNS to include systemic immune activation. The gut microbiome is increasingly recognised as a key regulator of immune function in the gastrointestinal tract, peripheral circulation, and brain. In individuals with Parkinson's disease, gut microbial composition is altered, with reductions in anti-inflammatory taxa and increases in pro-inflammatory bacterial species. Preclinical studies have shown that microbiome alterations can promote α-synuclein aggregation and neuroinflammation, whereas human data suggest early involvement of the gut and immune system.

[Review] The role of lifestyle interventions in symptom management and disease modification in Parkinson's disease

Emerging evidence indicates that sustainable lifestyle changes—such as increasing physical activity, adopting healthy dietary patterns, and managing stress—can provide symptomatic benefits and potentially slow neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Combining these interventions could produce synergistic effects, addressing multiple aspects of the pathophysiology. Despite the challenges of long-term adherence, innovative approaches such as digital tools and personalised strategies can support sustained lifestyle modifications.

[Review] Emerging technologies and strategies in epilepsy surgery: toward personalised medicine

Epilepsy surgery, the treatment of choice for drug-resistant focal epilepsy, is evolving rapidly. This progress is driven by a growing interest in the network theory of epilepsy, advances in data-driven models, and a focus on personalised treatment approaches. As a result, treatment options have expanded to include minimally invasive procedures, neurostimulation devices, and network-based interventions. Predicting surgical outcomes—such as seizure freedom and neuropsychological effects—remains challenging but is improving through advances in computational technology and molecular research, paving the way for more precise surgery.

[Review] Endovascular thrombectomy for acute stroke: evolving eligibility criteria and adjunct therapies

Endovascular thrombectomy is the standard treatment for ischaemic stroke, a leading cause of disability worldwide. Randomised trials in the past decade have expanded eligibility criteria to include broader patient populations, such as those with large ischaemic core stroke. However, many patients still have poor outcomes despite high rates of macrovascular reperfusion, underscoring the need for strategies that go beyond restoring large-vessel flow. Intra-arterial thrombolysis and cytoprotective agents are under investigation for their potential to reduce secondary complications during and after endovascular thrombectomy.

[Articles] Seizure-related biomarkers of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in drug-resistant focal epilepsy (REPO2MSE): a prospective, multicentre case–control study

Extratemporal epilepsies involving the perisylvian region or frontal lobe appear to be associated with an increased risk of SUDEP. This finding warrants confirmation in larger cohorts and underscores the need to improve the diagnosis and surgical management of extratemporal epilepsies, which might contribute to improved SUDEP risk stratification and prevention.

[In Context] The structure of thought

What are thoughts? How are thought and language related? These are two of the most fundamental questions regarding the study of the mind, but they have received comparatively little attention compared with questions of consciousness, vision, or memory. However, the field of cognitive linguistics has revealed deeper structures within language that potentially reveal the underlying mechanisms of human thought, and in The Neural Mind, George Lakoff and Srini Narayanan present a theory that links these linguistic structures to underlying mechanisms of thought in a way that is closely based on our understanding of the brain.

[In Context] Migraine as a dynamic continuum during the life course

Traditionally, migraine is defined by the occurrence of cycling episodes of headache and associated neurological symptoms, with a primary focus on the presence of a migraine episode at a specific point in time. However, emerging evidence suggests that migraine is a condition that extends across the life course, encompassing periods of remission, interictal states, and ongoing changes in disease activity. We propose a new perspective that considers migraine states across the life course. This broader view is essential for improving diagnosis, developing patient-centred care models, gaining deeper insights into the underlying pathophysiology, and understanding the interplay between migraine, its risk factors, and comorbidities.

[In Context] Raoul-Michel May, a pioneer in nerve grafting

Raoul-Michel May (1900–68) was born in Mexico to French parents. He earned a PhD in zoology from Harvard University (Cambridge, MA, USA) in 1924. In 1925, he moved to Madrid, Spain, to spend a year working with Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), during which time he began translating to English Ramón y Cajal's book Degeneración y Regeneración del Sistema Nervioso.1 Subsequently, May obtained a doctorate in natural sciences in Paris, France, in 1927, studying transplantation of the eye and olfactory organ in frog embryos, and earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1939.

[In Context] Julia Greenland

Julia Greenland studied medicine at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, graduating in 2011. Since 2016 she has worked as a specialty registrar in neurology at Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge. She completed her PhD in 2024, which explored the role of the immune system in Parkinson's disease. Alongside clinical training as a neurologist, she is a Clinical Research Associate at the University of Cambridge.

[In Context] Takeshi Iwatsubo: a pioneer in Alzheimer's disease research

When he was a medical student at the University of Tokyo in Japan, Takeshi Iwatsubo visited the neuroanatomy laboratory. “I hardly understood anything”, he says, “but I was told to look at human serial brain sections to get an idea about how the human brain is organised. I was invited to visit the lab anytime.” Those visits, he says, were a defining moment in his career. Iwatsubo was a professor of neuropathology at the University of Tokyo until this spring, and is now Director of the National Institute of Neuroscience, at the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, where he has a special interest in neurodegenerative disease research, particularly in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

[Corrections] Correction to Lancet Neurol 2025; 24: 413–28

Soliman N, Moisset X, Ferraro MC, et al. Pharmacotherapy and non-invasive neuromodulation for neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2025; 24: 413–28—In this Article, the title of the panel on page 423 should read “Drugs or drug classes or neuromodulation treatments for neuropathic pain with inconclusive recommendations or recommendations against use based on the GRADE classification”, and the appendix has been amended. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Dec 10, 2025.

[Correspondence] A global call to strengthen neurological care for all

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of poor health and disability, affecting more than 3 billion people and causing more than 11 million deaths annually.1 This crisis is accelerating because of population ageing and improved survival, which increase the burden of chronic neurological conditions, while neurotropic infections and perinatal injuries remain prevalent. Low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the greatest burden, yet they often have inadequate resources to tackle it, further widening global health inequities.

[2025 Round-up] Advances in sleep research in 2025: translational connections

The field of sleep medicine witnessed substantial progress in 2025, spanning from new treatments for narcolepsy and sleep apnoea, and new guidelines for restless legs syndrome, to new imaging biomarkers of neurodegeneration emerging from the study of rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD). These advances strengthened the translational connections between molecular mechanisms and clinical neurology.