Search Medical Journals & Research Articles

Highly Sensitive Heterojunction‐Gated Phototransistor With Detection Wavelength Ranged From 350 to 1700 Nm

This work demonstrates a heterojunction‐gated infrared phototransistor for broadband detection from 350 to 1700 nm. By suppressing defect states on nonpolar (100) facets of large PbS quantum dots via hybrid ligand passivation, the device achieves a room‐temperature detectivity of 5.7 × 1013 Jones at 1650 nm. Wafer‐scale fabrication highlights its potential for highly integrated SWIR imaging systems. ABSTRACT Sensitive photodetection covering UV, visible, and short‐wave infrared (SWIR) lights will greatly promote applications in all‐weather surveillance, remote sensing, and non‐destructive inspection, but remains challenging in terms of bandwidth or dark noise based on either conventional semiconductors or emerging low‐dimensional materials. Here, we take full advantage of the excellent designability and compatibility of the heterojunction‐gated field‐effect transistor (HGFET) phototransistor, and extend the SWIR detection upper limit from 1400 to 1700 nm through optimizing the lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) based diode on the gate. Specifically, the mean diameter of CQDs is increased from 3.8 to 6.0 nm to enable efficient long‐wavelength (1700 nm) absorption, and a hybrid ligand passivation strategy is used to significantly suppress defect states on the nonpolar (100) facets, thereby enhancing heterojunction photovoltage. The resulting HGFETs exhibit a broadband radiation detection from 350 to 1700 nm with a room‐temperature detectivity of up to 5.7 × 1013 cm Hz1/2 W−1 and a minimum detectable power density of 6.4 nW cm−2 at 1650 nm. The hybrid‐passivated CQD HGFETs provide a possible route toward next‐generation, highly sensitive, and broadband infrared photodetectors from UV to short‐wave infrared (beyond 1700 nm) light. This work demonstrates a heterojunction-gated infrared phototransistor for broadband detection from 350 to 1700 nm. By suppressing defect states on nonpolar (100) facets of large PbS quantum dots via hybrid ligand passivation, the device achieves a room-temperature detectivity of 5.7 × 10 13 Jones at 1650 nm. Wafer-scale fabrication highlights its potential for highly integrated SWIR imaging systems. ABSTRACT Sensitive photodetection covering UV, visible, and short-wave infrared (SWIR) lights will greatly promote applications in all-weather surveillance, remote sensing, and non-destructive inspection, but remains challenging in terms of bandwidth or dark noise based on either conventional semiconductors or emerging low-dimensional materials. Here, we take full advantage of the excellent designability and compatibility of the heterojunction-gated field-effect transistor (HGFET) phototransistor, and extend the SWIR detection upper limit from 1400 to 1700 nm through optimizing the lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) based diode on the gate. Specifically, the mean diameter of CQDs is increased from 3.8 to 6.0 nm to enable efficient long-wavelength (1700 nm) absorption, and a hybrid ligand passivation strategy is used to significantly suppress defect states on the nonpolar (100) facets, thereby enhancing heterojunction photovoltage. The resulting HGFETs exhibit a broadband radiation detection from 350 to 1700 nm with a room-temperature detectivity of up to 5.7 × 10 13 cm Hz 1/2 W −1 and a minimum detectable power density of 6.4 nW cm −2 at 1650 nm. The hybrid-passivated CQD HGFETs provide a possible route toward next-generation, highly sensitive, and broadband infrared photodetectors from UV to short-wave infrared (beyond 1700 nm) light. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Elemene Augments the Effects of Anti‐PD‐1 Immunotherapy on Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating the miR‐130a‐5p/SPP/MHC‐I Axis

Elemene increases SPP expression by competitively binding with miR‐130a‐5p to suppress SPP mRNA degradation. This led to more antigen/MHC‐I complexes being expressed on the cell surface, which consequently facilitated the recognition and killing of HCC cells by CTLs and enhancing the antitumor immune efficacy of anti‐PD‐1. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly PD‐1 inhibitors, constitute the cornerstone of first‐line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, suboptimal overall response rates persist alongside dual challenges: immune‐related toxicities and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Combination therapies represent a pivotal strategy to overcome these limitations. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has gained significant attention. Elemene, a small‐molecule compound derived from Curcuma wenyujin, has garnered attention for its immunomodulatory potential and demonstrates clinical efficacy in combination therapies. Nevertheless, its synergistic mechanisms with immunotherapy remain incompletely characterized. This study demonstrates for the first time that elemene modulates the miR‐130a‐5p/SPP/MHC‐I axis, resulting in an enhanced diversity and abundance of antigen/MHC‐I complexes on the surface of HCC cells. This mechanism promotes the recognition and elimination of HCC cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thereby augmenting the antitumor immune efficacy of PD‐1. Moreover, the functional significance of the miR‐130a‐5p/SPP/MHC‐I axis in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment is systematically validated through in vitro and in vivo HCC models, as well as in clinical patient specimens. These findings underscore the potential of combining elemene with anti‐PD‐1 therapy as a safe and effective treatment strategy for HCC, offering significant translational promise for improving patient outcomes. Elemene increases SPP expression by competitively binding with miR-130a-5p to suppress SPP mRNA degradation. This led to more antigen/MHC-I complexes being expressed on the cell surface, which consequently facilitated the recognition and killing of HCC cells by CTLs and enhancing the antitumor immune efficacy of anti-PD-1. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly PD-1 inhibitors, constitute the cornerstone of first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, suboptimal overall response rates persist alongside dual challenges: immune-related toxicities and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Combination therapies represent a pivotal strategy to overcome these limitations. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has gained significant attention. Elemene, a small-molecule compound derived from Curcuma wenyujin, has garnered attention for its immunomodulatory potential and demonstrates clinical efficacy in combination therapies. Nevertheless, its synergistic mechanisms with immunotherapy remain incompletely characterized. This study demonstrates for the first time that elemene modulates the miR-130a-5p/SPP/MHC-I axis, resulting in an enhanced diversity and abundance of antigen/MHC-I complexes on the surface of HCC cells. This mechanism promotes the recognition and elimination of HCC cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thereby augmenting the antitumor immune efficacy of PD-1. Moreover, the functional significance of the miR-130a-5p/SPP/MHC-I axis in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment is systematically validated through in vitro and in vivo HCC models, as well as in clinical patient specimens. These findings underscore the potential of combining elemene with anti-PD-1 therapy as a safe and effective treatment strategy for HCC, offering significant translational promise for improving patient outcomes. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Tailoring Intermediate Adsorption Through d‐band Mismatch Strategy of Heterojunction to Achieve Industrial Overall Water Splitting

This paper demonstrates the fabrication of a Ni3Mo/Ni3N junction to investigate d‐band engineering and elucidate the specific roles of Ni3Mo and Ni3N active sites in improving catalytic activity. Through integrated spectroscopic characterization and first‐principles modeling, for the first time, a d‐band mismatch mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the synergistic effect between Ni3Mo and Ni3N for improved HER and OER. ABSTRACT Adjusting the d‐band center of catalysts through heterojunction construction represents an effective approach for enhancing the catalytic activity. Nevertheless, the precise modulation pathways of d‐band centers still require systematic elucidation. In this work, a Ni3Mo/Ni3N junction is constructed to investigate d‐band engineering, and a d‐band mismatch mechanism has been proposed for the first time to elucidate the synergistic effect between Ni3Mo and Ni3N for improved HER and OER. Specifically, the dissociation of H2O can be achieved on the Ni3Mo surface while the adjacent Ni3N sites catalyze the subsequent evolution reactions. Remarkably, the Ni3Mo–Ni3N/NF achieves ultra‐low overpotentials of 15 mV (HER) and 155 mV (OER) at 10 mA cm−2, and just 228 mV (HER) and 459 mV (OER) at 1 A cm−2. Most strikingly, the HER performance of Ni3Mo–Ni3N/NF is superior to that of the Pt/C catalyst across all current densities, marking it as a standout among the NiMo‐based catalysts documented so far. Additionally, the Ni3Mo–Ni3N/NF demonstrates outstanding performance in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE), delivering the current density of 4 A cm−2 at a mere 2.12 V while maintaining stable operation for 1000 h at 1 A cm−2, showing great potential for practical applications. This paper demonstrates the fabrication of a Ni 3 Mo/Ni 3 N junction to investigate d -band engineering and elucidate the specific roles of Ni 3 Mo and Ni 3 N active sites in improving catalytic activity. Through integrated spectroscopic characterization and first-principles modeling, for the first time, a d -band mismatch mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the synergistic effect between Ni 3 Mo and Ni 3 N for improved HER and OER. ABSTRACT Adjusting the d -band center of catalysts through heterojunction construction represents an effective approach for enhancing the catalytic activity. Nevertheless, the precise modulation pathways of d -band centers still require systematic elucidation. In this work, a Ni 3 Mo/Ni 3 N junction is constructed to investigate d -band engineering, and a d -band mismatch mechanism has been proposed for the first time to elucidate the synergistic effect between Ni 3 Mo and Ni 3 N for improved HER and OER. Specifically, the dissociation of H 2 O can be achieved on the Ni 3 Mo surface while the adjacent Ni 3 N sites catalyze the subsequent evolution reactions. Remarkably, the Ni 3 Mo–Ni 3 N/NF achieves ultra-low overpotentials of 15 mV (HER) and 155 mV (OER) at 10 mA cm −2, and just 228 mV (HER) and 459 mV (OER) at 1 A cm −2. Most strikingly, the HER performance of Ni 3 Mo–Ni 3 N/NF is superior to that of the Pt/C catalyst across all current densities, marking it as a standout among the NiMo-based catalysts documented so far. Additionally, the Ni 3 Mo–Ni 3 N/NF demonstrates outstanding performance in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE), delivering the current density of 4 A cm −2 at a mere 2.12 V while maintaining stable operation for 1000 h at 1 A cm −2, showing great potential for practical applications. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Targeting Lactate and Lactylation in Cancer Metabolism and Immunotherapy

Lactate, once deemed a metabolic waste, emerges as a central regulator of cancer progression. This review elucidates how lactate and its epigenetic derivative, protein lactylation, orchestrate tumor metabolism, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance. It further highlights evolving strategies that target lactate metabolism and lactylation to enhance cancer immunotherapy and clinical translation. ABSTRACT Lactate has evolved from being regarded as a byproduct of glycolysis to a pivotal regulator of cancer metabolism and signaling. The Warburg effect underscores how elevated lactate production meets the biosynthetic demands of highly proliferative cancer cells, while shaping an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that supports cancer growth and metastasis. The discovery of lactylation, a novel post‐translational modification, has further expanded the conceptual landscape, revealing how lactate serves as both a metabolite and a signaling molecule that couples metabolic reprogramming with gene regulation. This review delineates how lactate dynamically shuttles through the TME and boosts cancer malignancy, including proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune evasion. Also, this review integrates and discusses how lactate‐driven lactylation bridges metabolic and epigenetic control. Furthermore, emerging therapeutic strategies targeting lactate metabolism and lactylation are summarized, revealing their promise in cancer immunotherapy. Collectively, a comprehensive perspective is provided on the multifaceted roles of lactate and lactylation in cancer biology and, more importantly, highlights potential translational avenues for clinical applications. Lactate, once deemed a metabolic waste, emerges as a central regulator of cancer progression. This review elucidates how lactate and its epigenetic derivative, protein lactylation, orchestrate tumor metabolism, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance. It further highlights evolving strategies that target lactate metabolism and lactylation to enhance cancer immunotherapy and clinical translation. ABSTRACT Lactate has evolved from being regarded as a byproduct of glycolysis to a pivotal regulator of cancer metabolism and signaling. The Warburg effect underscores how elevated lactate production meets the biosynthetic demands of highly proliferative cancer cells, while shaping an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that supports cancer growth and metastasis. The discovery of lactylation, a novel post-translational modification, has further expanded the conceptual landscape, revealing how lactate serves as both a metabolite and a signaling molecule that couples metabolic reprogramming with gene regulation. This review delineates how lactate dynamically shuttles through the TME and boosts cancer malignancy, including proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune evasion. Also, this review integrates and discusses how lactate-driven lactylation bridges metabolic and epigenetic control. Furthermore, emerging therapeutic strategies targeting lactate metabolism and lactylation are summarized, revealing their promise in cancer immunotherapy. Collectively, a comprehensive perspective is provided on the multifaceted roles of lactate and lactylation in cancer biology and, more importantly, highlights potential translational avenues for clinical applications. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

From the Gut to the Brain: Microplastic‐Associated Neurovascular Dysfunction and Implications for Stroke Risk

Chronic oral exposure to microplastics may disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis and intestinal barrier integrity, potentially engaging the gut–brain axis and systemic inflammatory responses. These alterations may be associated with impaired blood–brain barrier function, cerebral microvascular dysfunction, and enhanced endothelial inflammation, pro‐thrombotic signaling, and atherosclerotic processes, collectively contributing to increased neurovascular vulnerability and stroke risk. ABSTRACT Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants with increasing relevance to neurovascular health. Following oral exposure, accumulating evidence suggests that MPs can disrupt gut microbial homeostasis, impair intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, and engage the gut‐brain axis (GBA), thereby promoting systemic and central inflammatory responses. These interconnected processes are linked to blood‐brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, cerebral microvascular impairment, and neurovascular alterations that are biologically relevant to stroke susceptibility. Evidence derived largely from animal and in vitro models, together with emerging epidemiological observations, supports the biological plausibility that microplastic (MP) exposure may contribute to neurovascular vulnerability through mechanisms involving endothelial inflammation, pro‐thrombotic signaling, and atherosclerotic progression. However, substantial heterogeneity in exposure paradigms, particle characteristics, and analytical methodologies limits direct causal inference and translational interpretation in humans. Future research should prioritize standardized exposure frameworks and integrate multi‐omics approaches with artificial intelligence (AI)‐assisted analysis to better define exposure–response relationships and mechanistic pathways underlying MP‐associated cerebrovascular alterations. Such efforts are essential for improving risk assessment and informing evidence‐based strategies for environmental neurovascular health. Chronic oral exposure to microplastics may disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis and intestinal barrier integrity, potentially engaging the gut–brain axis and systemic inflammatory responses. These alterations may be associated with impaired blood–brain barrier function, cerebral microvascular dysfunction, and enhanced endothelial inflammation, pro-thrombotic signaling, and atherosclerotic processes, collectively contributing to increased neurovascular vulnerability and stroke risk. ABSTRACT Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants with increasing relevance to neurovascular health. Following oral exposure, accumulating evidence suggests that MPs can disrupt gut microbial homeostasis, impair intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, and engage the gut-brain axis (GBA), thereby promoting systemic and central inflammatory responses. These interconnected processes are linked to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, cerebral microvascular impairment, and neurovascular alterations that are biologically relevant to stroke susceptibility. Evidence derived largely from animal and in vitro models, together with emerging epidemiological observations, supports the biological plausibility that microplastic (MP) exposure may contribute to neurovascular vulnerability through mechanisms involving endothelial inflammation, pro-thrombotic signaling, and atherosclerotic progression. However, substantial heterogeneity in exposure paradigms, particle characteristics, and analytical methodologies limits direct causal inference and translational interpretation in humans. Future research should prioritize standardized exposure frameworks and integrate multi-omics approaches with artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis to better define exposure–response relationships and mechanistic pathways underlying MP-associated cerebrovascular alterations. Such efforts are essential for improving risk assessment and informing evidence-based strategies for environmental neurovascular health. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Large Room Temperature Anomalous Nernst Effect Coupled with Topological Nernst Effect from Incommensurate Spin Structure in a Kagome Antiferromagnet

This study demonstrates that ErMn₆Sn₆, a kagome antiferromagnet hosting incommensurate spin textures, sustains finite scalar spin chirality that drives topological states. The anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) originates from the strong Berry curvature of Chern‐gapped Dirac fermions, while the topological Nernst effect (TNE) arises from emergent fields induced by scalar spin chirality, thereby revealing its promising thermoelectric potential. ABSTRACT Kagome magnets exhibit a range of novel and nontrivial topological properties due to the strong interplay between topology and magnetism, which also extends to their thermoelectric applications. Recent advances in the study of magnetic topological materials have highlighted their intriguing anomalous Hall and thermoelectric effects, arising primarily from large intrinsic Berry curvature. Here, we report observation of a large room‐temperature (RT) anomalous Nernst effects (ANE) of SxyA$S_{xy}^A$ ∼ 1.3 µV K−1 in the kagome antiferromagnet (AFM) ErMn6Sn6, which is comparable to the largest signals observed in known magnetic materials. Surprisingly, we further found that a significant topological Nernst signal at RT and peaking a maximum of approximately 0.2 µV K−1 at 180 K, exactly coupling with ANE in the spiral AFM state, originates from the real‐space nonzero spin chirality caused by incommensurate spin structure. This study demonstrates a potential room‐temperature thermoelectric application platform based on the Nernst effect, and provides insights for discovering significant anomalous and topological transverse transport effects in the Incommensurate spin texture, Kagome antiferromagnet, Thermoelectric effect, Topological Nernst effectincommensurate AFM system. This study demonstrates that ErMn₆Sn₆, a kagome antiferromagnet hosting incommensurate spin textures, sustains finite scalar spin chirality that drives topological states. The anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) originates from the strong Berry curvature of Chern-gapped Dirac fermions, while the topological Nernst effect (TNE) arises from emergent fields induced by scalar spin chirality, thereby revealing its promising thermoelectric potential. ABSTRACT Kagome magnets exhibit a range of novel and nontrivial topological properties due to the strong interplay between topology and magnetism, which also extends to their thermoelectric applications. Recent advances in the study of magnetic topological materials have highlighted their intriguing anomalous Hall and thermoelectric effects, arising primarily from large intrinsic Berry curvature. Here, we report observation of a large room-temperature (RT) anomalous Nernst effects (ANE) of SxyA$S_{xy}^A$ ∼ 1.3 µ V K −1 in the kagome antiferromagnet (AFM) ErMn 6 Sn 6, which is comparable to the largest signals observed in known magnetic materials. Surprisingly, we further found that a significant topological Nernst signal at RT and peaking a maximum of approximately 0.2 µ V K −1 at 180 K, exactly coupling with ANE in the spiral AFM state, originates from the real-space nonzero spin chirality caused by incommensurate spin structure. This study demonstrates a potential room-temperature thermoelectric application platform based on the Nernst effect, and provides insights for discovering significant anomalous and topological transverse transport effects in the Incommensurate spin texture, Kagome antiferromagnet, Thermoelectric effect, Topological Nernst effectincommensurate AFM system. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

A Self‐Organized Liquid Reaction Container for Cellular Memory

How cells restore epigenetic information lost during replication is not known. This work proposes a mechanism based on the formation of biomolecular condensates. These condensates are induced by the chromosome itself and serve as reaction vessels for reconstructing missing epigenetic markers. The study is a proof of concept, demonstrating that epigenetic information can be reconstructed across 50 cell generations. Abstract Epigenetic inheritance during cell division is essential for preserving cell identity by stabilizing the overall chromatin organization. Heterochromatin, the condensed and transcriptionally silent fraction of chromatin, is marked by specific epigenetic modifications that are diluted during each cell division. Here, we build a physical model, based on the formation of a biomolecular condensate, a liquid ‘droplet’, that promotes the restoration of epigenetic marks associated with heterochromatin. Heterochromatin facilitates the droplet formation via polymer‐assisted condensation (PAC). The resulting condensate serves as a reaction chamber to reconstruct the lost epigenetic marks. We incorporate the enzymatic reactions into a particle‐based simulation and monitor the progress of the heterochromatic epigenetic markers through an in silico analogue of the cell cycle. We demonstrate that the proposed mechanism is robust and stabilizes the heterochromatin domains over many cell generations. This mechanism and variations thereof might be at work for other epigenetic marks as well. How cells restore epigenetic information lost during replication is not known. This work proposes a mechanism based on the formation of biomolecular condensates. These condensates are induced by the chromosome itself and serve as reaction vessels for reconstructing missing epigenetic markers. The study is a proof of concept, demonstrating that epigenetic information can be reconstructed across 50 cell generations. Abstract Epigenetic inheritance during cell division is essential for preserving cell identity by stabilizing the overall chromatin organization. Heterochromatin, the condensed and transcriptionally silent fraction of chromatin, is marked by specific epigenetic modifications that are diluted during each cell division. Here, we build a physical model, based on the formation of a biomolecular condensate, a liquid ‘droplet’, that promotes the restoration of epigenetic marks associated with heterochromatin. Heterochromatin facilitates the droplet formation via polymer-assisted condensation (PAC). The resulting condensate serves as a reaction chamber to reconstruct the lost epigenetic marks. We incorporate the enzymatic reactions into a particle-based simulation and monitor the progress of the heterochromatic epigenetic markers through an in silico analogue of the cell cycle. We demonstrate that the proposed mechanism is robust and stabilizes the heterochromatin domains over many cell generations. This mechanism and variations thereof might be at work for other epigenetic marks as well. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Circularly Polarized Long‐Persistent and Photostimulated Luminescence Enabled through Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Upconversion Strategies

Using chiral emitters with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) characteristics integrated into organic long‐persistent luminescence (OLPL) system demonstrates circularly polarized long‐persistent luminescence (CP‐LPL). Importantly, the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based design reveals circularly polarized photostimulated luminescence (CP‐PSL) upon near‐infrared stimulation for the first time. ABSTRACT Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has attracted significant attention for applications in displays, data encryption, anti‐counterfeiting, and bioimaging. However, extending the emission lifetime beyond the second timescale remains a challenge. Here, we report circularly polarized long‐persistent luminescence (CP‐LPL) and the first evidence of circularly polarized photostimulated luminescence (CP‐PSL) in purely organic systems. Using the chiral emitter R/S‐OBN‐Cz, we establish two complementary design strategies: (i) a three‐component Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system, where the energy of long‐lived charge‐separated states between the donor and the acceptor is transferred to the chiral dopant, and (ii) a two‐component upconversion system, where the locally excited state of chiral emitter is restored upon charge recombination. Both approaches result in CP‐LPL with mirror‐image CPL signals. Moreover, in the three‐component FRET system, trapped charges in the chiral dopant can be released upon near‐infrared stimulation, regenerating circularly polarized emission. This work establishes new proof of concept in chiroptical materials research, paving the way toward the practical applications in encrypted optical storage and advanced photonic devices. Using chiral emitters with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) characteristics integrated into organic long-persistent luminescence (OLPL) system demonstrates circularly polarized long-persistent luminescence (CP-LPL). Importantly, the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based design reveals circularly polarized photostimulated luminescence (CP-PSL) upon near-infrared stimulation for the first time. ABSTRACT Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has attracted significant attention for applications in displays, data encryption, anti-counterfeiting, and bioimaging. However, extending the emission lifetime beyond the second timescale remains a challenge. Here, we report circularly polarized long-persistent luminescence (CP-LPL) and the first evidence of circularly polarized photostimulated luminescence (CP-PSL) in purely organic systems. Using the chiral emitter R/S -OBN-Cz, we establish two complementary design strategies: (i) a three-component Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system, where the energy of long-lived charge-separated states between the donor and the acceptor is transferred to the chiral dopant, and (ii) a two-component upconversion system, where the locally excited state of chiral emitter is restored upon charge recombination. Both approaches result in CP-LPL with mirror-image CPL signals. Moreover, in the three-component FRET system, trapped charges in the chiral dopant can be released upon near-infrared stimulation, regenerating circularly polarized emission. This work establishes new proof of concept in chiroptical materials research, paving the way toward the practical applications in encrypted optical storage and advanced photonic devices. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

3D‐Printed Aerogel Metamaterials with Multiple Heterogeneous Interfaces Enables Integrated Control of Microwave Field, Acoustic Field, and Thermal Field

The Direct‐Ink‐Writing (DIW) 3D‐printed aramid nanofibers (ANF)/carbon nanotubes (CNT)/liquid metal (LM) aerogel metamaterial demonstrates an effective and lightweight strategy to achieve polarization insensitive & ultra‐wideband microwave absorption from 2.65‐18 GHz, broadband noise reduction effect in the 2800‐6400 Hz and thermal suppression capability spontaneously at a low density of only 35 mg/cm3, implying its great potential for multi‐fields involved applications. ABSTRACT In the new generation of communication technologies, intelligent transportation, and energy management and other emerging industrial areas, electromagnetic waves (EMW), acoustics, and thermodynamics coexist in coupled and superimposed forms. Future smart living scenarios require simultaneous mitigation of electromagnetic (EM) interference, noise pollution, and thermal flow impacts. Based on this, this study proposes constructing aerogel metamaterials to achieve integrated regulation of microwave, acoustic, and thermal field. At the microscopic scale, multiple heterogeneous interfaces are formed through the interaction between aramid nanofibers (ANF), carbon nanotube (CNT), and liquid metal (LM). At the macroscopic scale, multi‐stage resonant structures are designed to balance multiple physical fields. The aerogel metamaterial is fabricated via Direct‐Ink‐Writing (DIW) and freeze‐drying. Ultimately, the metamaterial achieves ultra‐wideband microwave attenuation (MA) from 2.65–18 GHz and TE/TM dual‐polarization robustness at oblique incidence approaching 70°; the broadband noise reduction effect in the 2800–6400 Hz; and thermal suppression where the upper surface temperature remains only one‐third of the heating field at 120°C after 30 min. The thermal conductivity of the sample is as low as 0.3649 W/m · K. While the density is only 35 mg/cm3. This study reveals the multi‐physics field cross‐scale synergistic mechanism and provides a new pathway for the integrated multi‐physics field regulation application. The Direct-Ink-Writing (DIW) 3D-printed aramid nanofibers (ANF)/carbon nanotubes (CNT)/liquid metal (LM) aerogel metamaterial demonstrates an effective and lightweight strategy to achieve polarization insensitive & ultra-wideband microwave absorption from 2.65-18 GHz, broadband noise reduction effect in the 2800-6400 Hz and thermal suppression capability spontaneously at a low density of only 35 mg/cm 3, implying its great potential for multi-fields involved applications. ABSTRACT In the new generation of communication technologies, intelligent transportation, and energy management and other emerging industrial areas, electromagnetic waves (EMW), acoustics, and thermodynamics coexist in coupled and superimposed forms. Future smart living scenarios require simultaneous mitigation of electromagnetic (EM) interference, noise pollution, and thermal flow impacts. Based on this, this study proposes constructing aerogel metamaterials to achieve integrated regulation of microwave, acoustic, and thermal field. At the microscopic scale, multiple heterogeneous interfaces are formed through the interaction between aramid nanofibers (ANF), carbon nanotube (CNT), and liquid metal (LM). At the macroscopic scale, multi-stage resonant structures are designed to balance multiple physical fields. The aerogel metamaterial is fabricated via Direct-Ink-Writing (DIW) and freeze-drying. Ultimately, the metamaterial achieves ultra-wideband microwave attenuation (MA) from 2.65–18 GHz and TE/TM dual-polarization robustness at oblique incidence approaching 70°; the broadband noise reduction effect in the 2800–6400 Hz; and thermal suppression where the upper surface temperature remains only one-third of the heating field at 120°C after 30 min. The thermal conductivity of the sample is as low as 0.3649 W / m · K. While the density is only 35 mg/cm 3. This study reveals the multi-physics field cross-scale synergistic mechanism and provides a new pathway for the integrated multi-physics field regulation application. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Antibody‐Empowered Nanomedicine for Precise Biomedical Applications

This review explores strategies for functionalizing nanoparticles with antibodies to construct antibody‐empowered nanomedicine. It discusses the classification of these nanomedicines based on antibody structure, with a specific focus on their biomedical applications in diagnostics, bioimaging, and therapeutics for various diseases. Finally, it critically examines the ongoing challenges and future prospects for the clinical translation of this technology. ABSTRACT The advancement of nanotechnology has positioned nanomedicine as powerful tools for disease diagnosis and treatment. However, the clinical efficacy of conventional nanomedicine is often limited by its passive targeting strategies and limited range of therapeutic mechanisms, leading to suboptimal accumulation at diseased sites and compromised therapeutic outcomes. Fortunately, the incorporation of antibodies, with their unparalleled targeting specificity and immune‐activating capabilities, presents a pivotal strategy to overcome these hurdles of nanoparticles. This review systematically summarizes the current progress in antibody‐empowered nanomedicine. Different antibody functionalization strategies for nanoparticles, along with their respective advantages, limitations, and typical applications, are first discussed. This review then individually describes the classification of these nanomedicines based on antibody structures, such as IgG‐like antibodies, antibody fragments, and novel antibody‐nanomedicine fusion formats. Subsequently, a specific emphasis is placed on the highlight of their biomedical applications in diagnostics, bioimaging, and the treatment of various diseases. Finally, ongoing challenges and prospects in the clinical translation of antibody‐empowered nanomedicine are critically examined. This review is intended to catalyze interdisciplinary breakthroughs that propel antibody‐empowered nanomedicine as an important pillar of precision medicine. This review explores strategies for functionalizing nanoparticles with antibodies to construct antibody-empowered nanomedicine. It discusses the classification of these nanomedicines based on antibody structure, with a specific focus on their biomedical applications in diagnostics, bioimaging, and therapeutics for various diseases. Finally, it critically examines the ongoing challenges and future prospects for the clinical translation of this technology. ABSTRACT The advancement of nanotechnology has positioned nanomedicine as powerful tools for disease diagnosis and treatment. However, the clinical efficacy of conventional nanomedicine is often limited by its passive targeting strategies and limited range of therapeutic mechanisms, leading to suboptimal accumulation at diseased sites and compromised therapeutic outcomes. Fortunately, the incorporation of antibodies, with their unparalleled targeting specificity and immune-activating capabilities, presents a pivotal strategy to overcome these hurdles of nanoparticles. This review systematically summarizes the current progress in antibody-empowered nanomedicine. Different antibody functionalization strategies for nanoparticles, along with their respective advantages, limitations, and typical applications, are first discussed. This review then individually describes the classification of these nanomedicines based on antibody structures, such as IgG-like antibodies, antibody fragments, and novel antibody-nanomedicine fusion formats. Subsequently, a specific emphasis is placed on the highlight of their biomedical applications in diagnostics, bioimaging, and the treatment of various diseases. Finally, ongoing challenges and prospects in the clinical translation of antibody-empowered nanomedicine are critically examined. This review is intended to catalyze interdisciplinary breakthroughs that propel antibody-empowered nanomedicine as an important pillar of precision medicine. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Wafer‐Scale Bandgap‐Tunable MoS2/PbS Phototransistors Enabled by Solution Processing

This work advances bandgap‐tunable MoS2/PbS phototransistors by introducing lateral heterojunctions, which enable superior tunable bandgap (1.24–0.61 eV) via Type‐II alignment. Plasma‐enhanced solution processing ensures uniform 4‐inch wafer‐scale fabrication with 97% yield. The optimized devices achieve high responsivity (88 A/W), detectivity (4.77 × 1012 Jones), and on/off ratio (3.16 × 107), providing a pathway for scalable, tunable optoelectronics. ABSTRACT Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/lead sulfide (PbS) heterostructures exhibit exceptional potential because of their strong light‐matter interactions and high carrier mobility. Critically, bandgap engineering can further optimize the light‐absorption range for next‐generation phototransistors. However, the bandgap engineering capability for MoS2/PbS heterojunctions formed by conventional transfer‐after‐chemical vapor deposition (CVD) fabrication is typically inherently restricted due to solely vertical interlayer coupling. Here, to realize wafer‐scale bandgap‐tunable MoS2/PbS phototransistors, we investigate the band structure of vertical and lateral MoS2/PbS heterojunctions via ab initio calculations and find that lateral heterojunctions in heterostructures dominate the bandgap tunability via tuning of the Type‐II band alignment. To achieve wafer‐scale uniformity, we investigated how plasma treatment modulates the thin‐film surface energy, and the results substantially improved fabrication scaling of MoS2/PbS heterojunctions from traditional micro‐scale level to an incredible 4‐inch wafer‐scale with near‐ideal yields (97%) and enabled bandgap tunability (from 1.24 to 0.61 eV). The resulting phototransistors exhibit a maximum responsivity of 88 A/W, specific detectivity of 4.77 × 1012 Jones, and a typical on/off ratio of 3.16 × 107. This work establishes a pathway for developing wafer‐scale bandgap‐tunable optoelectronics. This work advances bandgap-tunable MoS 2 /PbS phototransistors by introducing lateral heterojunctions, which enable superior tunable bandgap (1.24–0.61 eV) via Type-II alignment. Plasma-enhanced solution processing ensures uniform 4-inch wafer-scale fabrication with 97% yield. The optimized devices achieve high responsivity (88 A/W), detectivity (4.77 × 10 1 2 Jones), and on/off ratio (3.16 × 10 7 ), providing a pathway for scalable, tunable optoelectronics. ABSTRACT Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )/lead sulfide (PbS) heterostructures exhibit exceptional potential because of their strong light-matter interactions and high carrier mobility. Critically, bandgap engineering can further optimize the light-absorption range for next-generation phototransistors. However, the bandgap engineering capability for MoS 2 /PbS heterojunctions formed by conventional transfer-after-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) fabrication is typically inherently restricted due to solely vertical interlayer coupling. Here, to realize wafer-scale bandgap-tunable MoS 2 /PbS phototransistors, we investigate the band structure of vertical and lateral MoS 2 /PbS heterojunctions via ab initio calculations and find that lateral heterojunctions in heterostructures dominate the bandgap tunability via tuning of the Type-II band alignment. To achieve wafer-scale uniformity, we investigated how plasma treatment modulates the thin-film surface energy, and the results substantially improved fabrication scaling of MoS 2 /PbS heterojunctions from traditional micro-scale level to an incredible 4-inch wafer-scale with near-ideal yields (97%) and enabled bandgap tunability (from 1.24 to 0.61 eV). The resulting phototransistors exhibit a maximum responsivity of 88 A/W, specific detectivity of 4.77 × 10 12 Jones, and a typical on/off ratio of 3.16 × 10 7. This work establishes a pathway for developing wafer-scale bandgap-tunable optoelectronics. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

USP9X as a Candidate Mediator of Prenatal Aspirin‐Induced Ovarian Reserve Reduction in Offspring Mice

This study suggests that prenatal aspirin exposure is associated with reduced ovarian reserve in offspring, associated with HDAC1‐linked epigenetic downregulation of Usp9x as a candidate mechanism. These preclinical findings provide new insights into fetal‐origin ovarian disorders and contribute to the evidence base concerning aspirin's gestational safety. ABSTRACT Aspirin, widely used during pregnancy to prevent complications, may adversely affect fetal development. This study investigates prenatal aspirin exposure (PAE) on ovarian reserve in female offspring. Pregnant mice received aspirin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg·d) from gestational days 918. Morphological and functional analyses of ovaries across prenatal to postnatal stages revealed PAE (20 mg/kg·d) reduced primordial and antral follicle counts, increased follicular atresia, and impaired ovulation in adulthood. Transcriptomics identified sustained downregulation of Usp9x as a potential mediator, which correlated with suppression of the HIF1α/NOBOX signaling axis. Mechanistically, our data suggest that aspirin exposure is associated with increased HDAC1 activity and enrichment of HDAC1 at the Usp9x promoter, accompanied by a reduction of H3K27ac marks, thereby potentially epigenetically silencing Usp9x expression. This enhanced HIF1α ubiquitination and degradation, ultimately attenuating NOBOX‐mediated transcriptional regulation of downstream follicular genes. Using in vitro fetal ovarian cultures and NIH3T3 cells, we confirmed aspirin's disruption of primordial follicle assembly via the USP9X‐HIF1α‐NOBOX pathway. Crucially, HDAC1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition rescued USP9X expression and restored follicular development. Our findings indicate that PAE reduces ovarian reserve through HDAC1‐linked epigenetic silencing of Usp9x, exacerbating HIF1α/NOBOX pathway dysfunction, thereby informing aspirin's gestational safety and future interventions for fetal‐origin ovarian disorders. This study suggests that prenatal aspirin exposure is associated with reduced ovarian reserve in offspring, associated with HDAC1-linked epigenetic downregulation of Usp9x as a candidate mechanism. These preclinical findings provide new insights into fetal-origin ovarian disorders and contribute to the evidence base concerning aspirin's gestational safety. ABSTRACT Aspirin, widely used during pregnancy to prevent complications, may adversely affect fetal development. This study investigates prenatal aspirin exposure (PAE) on ovarian reserve in female offspring. Pregnant mice received aspirin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg·d) from gestational days 918. Morphological and functional analyses of ovaries across prenatal to postnatal stages revealed PAE (20 mg/kg·d) reduced primordial and antral follicle counts, increased follicular atresia, and impaired ovulation in adulthood. Transcriptomics identified sustained downregulation of Usp9x as a potential mediator, which correlated with suppression of the HIF1α/NOBOX signaling axis. Mechanistically, our data suggest that aspirin exposure is associated with increased HDAC1 activity and enrichment of HDAC1 at the Usp9x promoter, accompanied by a reduction of H3K27ac marks, thereby potentially epigenetically silencing Usp9x expression. This enhanced HIF1α ubiquitination and degradation, ultimately attenuating NOBOX-mediated transcriptional regulation of downstream follicular genes. Using in vitro fetal ovarian cultures and NIH3T3 cells, we confirmed aspirin's disruption of primordial follicle assembly via the USP9X-HIF1α-NOBOX pathway. Crucially, HDAC1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition rescued USP9X expression and restored follicular development. Our findings indicate that PAE reduces ovarian reserve through HDAC1-linked epigenetic silencing of Usp9x, exacerbating HIF1α/NOBOX pathway dysfunction, thereby informing aspirin's gestational safety and future interventions for fetal-origin ovarian disorders. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Decoding Trap States in Working 2D Perovskite Multi‐Functional Devices

Illustration of the photoluminescence spectrum and energy‐level landscape governing trap‐mediated carrier dynamics in 2D F‐PEAI photodetectors. A novel approach capturing dynamic trap occupation and retrapping in devices under operating conditions, directly links defect energetics to carrier transport and enhanced photoresponse in multifunctional perovskite devices. Abstract Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites, such as 4‐fluorophenethylammonium lead iodide (F‐PEAI), is an emerging class of layered 2D materials of unique interest for a range of opto‐electronic applications, owing to their exceptional photophysical properties and enhanced environmental stability. Yet, the device performance is strongly governed by trap states, which remain challenging to characterise under realistic operating conditions. This is even more prominent in multi‐functional devices where, according to the user‐defined dominant charge carrier type and traps dynamic the system switches from a field effect transistor (FET), to a highly sensitive photodetectors, energy harvesting or a even synaptic device. Characterising trap states for each of these regimes is uniquely challenging as it requires methods capable of distinguishing different types of carriers and trapping centers within the stringent operating requirements, and ideally without compromising the functionalities of the device. Here, threshold voltage transient spectroscopy (TVTS) is introduced as a universal, non‐invasive method to probe trap states in fully processed 2D F‐PEAI single‐crystal field‐effect transistors that also function as high‐gain photodetectors. TVTS enables real‐time extraction of sub‐gap trap densities and energy distributions, with tunable sensitivity to emission or retrapping processes at any set temperature, providing insight into their real‐time influence on charge transport mechanisms. When applied to 2D F‐PEAI multi‐functional devices, TVTS reveals a transition in trap states and dynamics from deep majority‐carrier trapping (1013 cm−2) at cryogenic temperature to shallow trapping above 100K. Strong retrapping is observed to enhance minority‐carrier diffusion lengths ( 5 µm), yielding responsivities up to 120 A/W providing a pathway for enhancing the opto‐electronic device performance. These results establish TVTS as a powerful platform for in situ defect spectroscopy of multifunctional 2D perovskite devices. Illustration of the photoluminescence spectrum and energy-level landscape governing trap-mediated carrier dynamics in 2D F-PEAI photodetectors. A novel approach capturing dynamic trap occupation and retrapping in devices under operating conditions, directly links defect energetics to carrier transport and enhanced photoresponse in multifunctional perovskite devices. Abstract Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites, such as 4-fluorophenethylammonium lead iodide (F-PEAI), is an emerging class of layered 2D materials of unique interest for a range of opto-electronic applications, owing to their exceptional photophysical properties and enhanced environmental stability. Yet, the device performance is strongly governed by trap states, which remain challenging to characterise under realistic operating conditions. This is even more prominent in multi-functional devices where, according to the user-defined dominant charge carrier type and traps dynamic the system switches from a field effect transistor (FET), to a highly sensitive photodetectors, energy harvesting or a even synaptic device. Characterising trap states for each of these regimes is uniquely challenging as it requires methods capable of distinguishing different types of carriers and trapping centers within the stringent operating requirements, and ideally without compromising the functionalities of the device. Here, threshold voltage transient spectroscopy (TVTS) is introduced as a universal, non-invasive method to probe trap states in fully processed 2D F-PEAI single-crystal field-effect transistors that also function as high-gain photodetectors. TVTS enables real-time extraction of sub-gap trap densities and energy distributions, with tunable sensitivity to emission or retrapping processes at any set temperature, providing insight into their real-time influence on charge transport mechanisms. When applied to 2D F-PEAI multi-functional devices, TVTS reveals a transition in trap states and dynamics from deep majority-carrier trapping (10 13 cm −2 ) at cryogenic temperature to shallow trapping above 100K. Strong retrapping is observed to enhance minority-carrier diffusion lengths ( 5 µm), yielding responsivities up to 120 A/W providing a pathway for enhancing the opto-electronic device performance. These results establish TVTS as a powerful platform for in situ defect spectroscopy of multifunctional 2D perovskite devices. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Multimodal Optical Imaging and Modulation with Simultaneous Electrophysiology Through Smart Dura in Non‐Human Primates

This study demonstrates multimodal integration in non‐human primates, combining large‐scale, high‐density electrophysiology using Smart Dura with optical techniques such as multiphoton imaging (MPI), photothrombotic lesioning, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), wide‐field intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI), and optogenetics. The approach enables simultaneous electrical recording, optical imaging, and neuromodulation across wide cortical areas, providing new opportunities for translational neuroscience and neuroengineering. Abstract Multimodal neural interfaces that integrate electrical and optical functionalities are promising tools for neuroscientific and clinical applications that involve recording and manipulating neuronal activity. However, most technologies for multimodal implementation are largely restricted to small animal models and lack the ability to translate to the larger brains of non‐human primates (NHPs). Smart Dura, a recently developed large‐scale neural interface for NHPs, enables high‐density electrophysiological recordings and broad optical accessibility, providing multiscale information with enhanced spatiotemporal resolution. In this paper, the multimodal capabilities of Smart Dura are demonstrated through integration with multiphoton imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI), as well as optical manipulations such as photothrombotic lesioning and optogenetics. Through the Smart Dura, in vivo fluorescence vascular imaging is achieved down to depths of 200 and 550 µm using two‐photon and three‐photon microscopy, respectively. When combined with simultaneous electrophysiology, Smart Dura also enables the assessment of vascular and neural dynamics via OCTA and ISOI, the induction of ischemic stroke, and the application of optogenetic neuromodulation across a wide cortical area of 20 mm in diameter. These capabilities support comprehensive investigations of brain dynamics in NHPs, advancing translational neurotechnology for human applications. This study demonstrates multimodal integration in non-human primates, combining large-scale, high-density electrophysiology using Smart Dura with optical techniques such as multiphoton imaging (MPI), photothrombotic lesioning, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), wide-field intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI), and optogenetics. The approach enables simultaneous electrical recording, optical imaging, and neuromodulation across wide cortical areas, providing new opportunities for translational neuroscience and neuroengineering. Abstract Multimodal neural interfaces that integrate electrical and optical functionalities are promising tools for neuroscientific and clinical applications that involve recording and manipulating neuronal activity. However, most technologies for multimodal implementation are largely restricted to small animal models and lack the ability to translate to the larger brains of non-human primates (NHPs). Smart Dura, a recently developed large-scale neural interface for NHPs, enables high-density electrophysiological recordings and broad optical accessibility, providing multiscale information with enhanced spatiotemporal resolution. In this paper, the multimodal capabilities of Smart Dura are demonstrated through integration with multiphoton imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI), as well as optical manipulations such as photothrombotic lesioning and optogenetics. Through the Smart Dura, in vivo fluorescence vascular imaging is achieved down to depths of 200 and 550 µm using two-photon and three-photon microscopy, respectively. When combined with simultaneous electrophysiology, Smart Dura also enables the assessment of vascular and neural dynamics via OCTA and ISOI, the induction of ischemic stroke, and the application of optogenetic neuromodulation across a wide cortical area of 20 mm in diameter. These capabilities support comprehensive investigations of brain dynamics in NHPs, advancing translational neurotechnology for human applications. Advanced Science, EarlyView.

Structural and Functional Characterization of EXPO‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Plants

In this study, 3D electron tomography (ET), cryo‐ET, and immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are employed to characterize plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) under physiological conditions. EVs are classified into three distinct um EVs are shown to originate from the plant‐specific exocyst‐positive organelle (EXPO), potentially contributing to plant stress responses. ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication in plants, but their biogenesis, heterogeneity, and membrane origins remain poorly understood. Here, the structural diversity, formation mechanisms and potential functions of EVs from various plant cell types under normal physiological conditions are demonstrated using 3D electron tomography (ET), cryo‐ET, and immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The EVs are classified into three distinct –200 nm in diameter, lacking organelle content), Exo70E2‐positive medium EVs (∼200–500 nm in diameter, containing ribosomes), and PEN1‐positive large EVs/Extracellular tubules (∼500–2000 nm in diameter, containing ribosomes and small vesicles). The Exo70E2‐positive medium EVs originate from the plant‐specific exocyst‐positive organelle (EXPO), and isolated EXPOs carry cargoes associated with stress responses. Subsequent transcriptomic profiling and pathogen‐resistance assays in exo70e2 mutants indicate that EXPO‐derived EVs contribute to plant defense, potentially by delivering defense‐related proteins during pathogen infection. Collectively, these findings provide a framework for understanding EV heterogeneity in plants and highlight EXPO‐derived EVs as a potential key component of plant defense. In this study, 3D electron tomography (ET), cryo-ET, and immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are employed to characterize plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) under physiological conditions. EVs are classified into three distinct um EVs are shown to originate from the plant-specific exocyst-positive organelle (EXPO), potentially contributing to plant stress responses. ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication in plants, but their biogenesis, heterogeneity, and membrane origins remain poorly understood. Here, the structural diversity, formation mechanisms and potential functions of EVs from various plant cell types under normal physiological conditions are demonstrated using 3D electron tomography (ET), cryo-ET, and immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The EVs are classified into three distinct –200 nm in diameter, lacking organelle content), Exo70E2-positive medium EVs (∼200–500 nm in diameter, containing ribosomes), and PEN1-positive large EVs/Extracellular tubules (∼500–2000 nm in diameter, containing ribosomes and small vesicles). The Exo70E2-positive medium EVs originate from the plant-specific exocyst-positive organelle (EXPO), and isolated EXPOs carry cargoes associated with stress responses. Subsequent transcriptomic profiling and pathogen-resistance assays in exo70e2 mutants indicate that EXPO-derived EVs contribute to plant defense, potentially by delivering defense-related proteins during pathogen infection. Collectively, these findings provide a framework for understanding EV heterogeneity in plants and highlight EXPO-derived EVs as a potential key component of plant defense. Advanced Science, EarlyView.