[Review] Real-world evidence in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): insights, challenges, and future directions

Real-world evidence (RWE), derived from real-world data, offers key insights into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). RWE complements traditional randomised controlled trials by capturing large-scale, diverse patient populations and long-term outcomes. This review interrogates the role of RWE in understanding MASLD epidemiology, natural history, hepatic and extra-hepatic endpoints, including its co-morbid association with cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease, and its use in pharmacovigilance and precision medicine.