[Perspectives] Current landscape, successes, and key challenges in cancer vaccine clinical trials across the UK

Cancer vaccines represent a transformative frontier in oncology, offering the potential to elicit durable and specific immune responses against tumour-associated or tumour-specific antigens. This technology has the potential to treat established malignancy, reduce tumour relapse, and even prevent cancer formation—improving survival outcomes. Advances in neoantigen discovery, mRNA vaccine platforms, and personalised immunotherapy have substantially enhanced the feasibility and efficacy of cancer vaccines across various malignancies.