HIV-1 Vif and Vpr cooperatively modulate the cell cycle to maximize per-cell virion production

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 45, November 2025. SignificanceHIV type 1 (HIV-1) encodes two accessory proteins, Virion Infectivity Factor (Vif) and Viral Protein R (Vpr), that have profound effects on the cell cycle. This study demonstrates that Vif and Vpr cooperate to modulate the cell cycle in ways …