[Comment] Growing up modulated: paediatric neuromodulation needs a new ethical framework

A 9-year-old girl walked slowly down the clinic hallway. 10 months earlier, her days had been dominated by seizures—sudden drops, blank stares, and tonic spasms that cut her sentences in half. School was impossible, and her parents lived in constant vigilance. After implantation of a thalamic neuromodulation device, seizure frequency decreased by half. She was back at school part-time, making friends again, and her parents were radiant. Yet as I typed “excellent clinical improvement” into her chart, a quieter question pressed in about what we had just set in motion in her developing brain.