[Comment] Front-line durvalumab and BCG in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Over the past 5 years, systemic therapy for urothelial carcinoma has changed considerably throughout the clinical stages.1 In addition to regulatory approvals of immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies for muscle-invasive or metastatic disease, advances have also been made for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg, nogapendekin alfa inbakicept-pmln, and gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and cretostimogene grenadenorepvec has been granted fast-track and breakthrough therapy designation for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with a carcinoma in situ component; pembrolizumab is the only approved ICI treatment for these tumours.