[Comment] Dual targeting of TNF and IL-23 by a bispecific antibody in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the colon, which is characterised by a relapsing–remitting course. Owing to the growing understanding of the immunopathogenesis of this progressive disease, three classes of biological therapies (targeting TNF, IL-12 and IL-23, as well as α4β7 integrins), and two classes of small molecules (Janus kinase inhibitors and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators) have been approved for treatment. The rapid advent of these advanced therapies has led to improved outcomes, but therapeutic success rates are still far from optimal as remission rates have stalled in induction clinical trials and a substantial proportion of patients ultimately lose their response over time.